|
The following Practical Test Standards are an edited version of FAA-S-8081-14A.
For clarity information relating to Single Engine Sea and Multi-Engine
practical tests has been deleted. To view a complete pdf version of the
original document suitable for printing click here.
PRIVATE PILOT
Practical Test Standards
for
AIRPLANE (SEL)
FAA-S-8081-14A
NOTE
Material in FAA-S-8081-14A will be effective August 1, 2002. All
previous editions of the Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test
Standards will be obsolete as of this date.
FOREWORD
The Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test Standards (PTS) book has
been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish
the standards for private pilot certification practical tests for the
airplane category, single-engine land and sea; and multiengine land and
sea classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct
practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors
and applicants should find these standards helpful during training and
when reparing for the practical test.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................
1
General Information ..........................................................
1
Practical Test Standards Concept ...............................................
2
Practical Test Book Description ...................................................
2
Practical Test Standards Description...........................................
2
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book ...................................
4
Special Emphasis Areas ..............................................................
5
Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test Prerequisites ....................
6
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test ...............
7
Flight Instructor Responsibility .....................................................
7
Examiner Responsibility...............................................................
7
Satisfactory Performance.............................................................
8
Unsatisfactory Performance.........................................................
9
Crew Resource Management (CRM) .........................................
10
Applicant's Use of Checklists.....................................................
10
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests.................................
10
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls .........................................
10
Metric Conversion Initiative........................................................
11
SECTION 1: PRIVATE PILOT AIRPLANE— SINGLE-ENGINE LAND
AND SINGLE-ENGINE SEA
CONTENTS ...............................................................................
1-i
APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ..................... 1-ix
EXAMINER'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST....................... 1-xi
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ....................................... 1-1
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES........................................ 1-6
III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS ...... 1-9
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS.......... 1-10
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER................................... 1-21
VI GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS ..................... 1-22
VII. NAVIGATION..............................................................
1-24
VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS..................................... 1-26
IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS ......................... 1-29
X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS..................................... 1-32
XI. NIGHT OPERATION...................................................
1-34
XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ................................... 1-35
INTRODUCTION
General Information
The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) has developed this practical test book as the standard that shall
be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting
private pilot— airplane practical tests. Flight instructors are expected
to use this book when preparing applicants for practical tests. Applicants
should be familiar with this book and refer to these standards during
their training.
Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical
test book in terms, such as "shall" and "must" indicating the actions
are mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms, such as "should"
and "may" indicating the actions are desirable or permissive, but not
mandatory.
The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by
many individuals and organizations throughout the aviation community who
contributed their time and talent in assisting with the revision of these
practical test standards.
This practical test standard may be downloaded from the Regulatory Support
Division's, AFS-600, web site at http:// afs600. faa. gov. Subsequent
changes to this standard, in accordance with AC 60-27, Announcement of
Availability: Changes to Practical Test Standards, will also be available
on AFS-600's web site and then later incorporated into a
printed revision. This publication can be purchased from the Superintendent
of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Practical Test Standards Concept
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies
the AREAS OF OPERATION in which knowledge and skill must be
demonstrated by the applicant before the issuance of a private pilot
certificate or rating. The CFRs provide the flexibility to permit the
FAA to
publish practical test standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION
and specific TASKs in which pilot competency shall be demonstrated.
The FAA shall revise this book whenever it is determined that changes
are needed in the interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions
of
the regulations and the practical test standards is mandatory for
the evaluation of private pilot applicants.
Practical Test Book Description
This test book contains the following Private Pilot— Airplane Practical
Test Standards:
Section 1 Airplane— Single-Engine Land and Sea
The Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test Standards includes the AREAS
OF OPERATION and TASKs for the issuance of an initial private pilot certificate
and for the addition of category ratings and/ or class ratings to that
certificate.
Practical Test Standards Description
AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a
logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Preflight
Preparation and end with Postflight Procedures. The examiner,
however, may conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result
in a complete and efficient test; however, the ground portion of
the
practical test shall be accomplished before the flight portion.
TASKs are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers
appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION. The abbreviation( s) within
parentheses immediately following a TASK refer to the category and/ or
class aircraft appropriate to that TASK. The meaning of each abbreviation
is as follows.
ASEL Airplane— Single-Engine Land
AMEL Airplane— Multiengine Land
ASES Airplane— Single-Engine Sea
AMES Airplane— Multiengine Sea 8
NOTE: When administering a test based on sections 1 and 2 of this
PTS, the TASKs appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, AMEL, or
AMES) used for the test shall be included in the plan of action. The
absence of a class indicates the TASK is for all classes.
NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the
AREA OF OPERATION or TASK.
REFERENCE identifies the publication( s) that describe( s) the TASK.
Descriptions of TASKs are not included in these standards because this
information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference.
Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their
content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced
publications.
These practical test standards are based on the following references.
14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding,
and Alteration
14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground
Instructors
14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
AC 00-6 Aviation Weather
AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services
AC 61-23/
FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training.
AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation
AC 90-48 Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance
AC 90-66 Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns and Practices for
Aeronautical Operations At Airports Without Operating Control Towers
AC 91-69 Seaplane Safety for FAR Part 91 Operations
AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training
FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook
AIM Aeronautical Information Manual
AFD Airport Facility Directory
NOTAMs Notices to Airmen
Other Pilot Operating Handbook FAA-Approved Flight Manual
Navigation Charts
Seaplane Supplement 9
The Objective lists the elements that must be satisfactorily performed
to
demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective includes:
1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;
2. conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and
3. acceptable performance standards.
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book
The FAA requires that all private pilot practical tests be conducted
in accordance with the appropriate private practical test standards and
the policies set forth in the INTRODUCTION. Applicants shall be evaluated
in ALL TASKS included in each AREA OF OPERATION of the
appropriate practical test standard, unless otherwise noted.
An applicant, who holds at least a private pilot certificate seeking
an additional airplane category rating and/ or class rating at the private
pilot level, shall be evaluated in the AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS listed
in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of the
examiner, an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the remaining
AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs may be conducted.
If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least
at the private level, and the ratings table indicates differing required
TASKS, the "least restrictive" entry applies. For example, if "ALL" and
"NONE" are indicated for one AREA OF OPERATION, the "NONE"
entry applies. If "B" and "B, C" are indicated, the "B" entry applies.
In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a
written "plan of action." The "plan of action" shall include all TASKs
in each AREA OF OPERATION, unless noted otherwise. If the elements in
one TASK have already been evaluated in another TASK, they need not be
repeated. For example, the "plan of action" need not include evaluating
the applicant on complying with markings, signals, and clearances at the
end of the flight, if that element was sufficiently observed at the beginning
of the flight. Any TASK selected for
evaluation during a practical test shall be evaluated in its entirety.
The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the
AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this book. The examiner may change
the sequence or combine TASKs with similar Objectives to have an orderly
and efficient flow of the practical test. For
example, Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals may be combined with
Traffic Patterns. The examiner's "plan of action" shall include the order
and combination of TASKs to be demonstrated by the applicant in a manner
that will result in an efficient and valid test.
The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the performance of simulated
emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for simulation is expected.
Consideration must be given to local conditions, both meteorological and
topographical, at the time of the test, as well as the applicant's workload,
and the condition of the aircraft used. If the procedure being evaluated
would jeopardize safety, it is expected that the applicant will simulate
that portion of the maneuver.
Special Emphasis Areas
Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft
operations considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:
1. positive aircraft control;
2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying
the airplane);
3. stall/ spin awareness;
4. collision avoidance;
5. wake turbulence avoidance;
6. Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO);
7. runway incursion avoidance;
8. controlled flight into terrain (CFIT);
9. aeronautical decision making (ADM);
10. checklist usage; and
11. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical
test.
Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each TASK,
they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during the practical
test. In all instances, the applicant's actions will relate to the complete
situation.
Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test Prerequisites
An applicant for the Private Pilot— Airplane Practical Test is required
by
14 CFR part 61 to:
1. be at least 17 years of age;
2. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language
Skill Standards;
3. have passed the appropriate private pilot knowledge test since
the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which he or
she takes the practical test;
4. have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and
obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed;
5. possess at least a current third class medical certificate;
6. have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying
that the applicant has received and logged training time within
60 days preceding the date of application in preparation for the
practical test, and is prepared for the practical test; and
7. also have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has
demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in
which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test. 12
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test
The private pilot— airplane applicant is required by 14 CFR section
61.45, to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the
practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must:
1. be of U. S., foreign or military registry of the same category,
class, and type, if applicable, for the certificate and/ or rating for
which the applicant is applying;
2. have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided for in
14 CFR section 61.45( c) and (e); and
3. be capable of performing all AREAS OF OPERATION
appropriate to the rating sought and have no operating
limitations, which prohibit its use in any of the AREAS OF
OPERATION, required for the practical test.
Flight Instructor Responsibility
An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training
the
private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject
matter
areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKs within each
AREA OF OPERATION in the appropriate private pilot practical test
standard.
Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe,
proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of
knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to
students.
Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible
for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning and
collision avoidance procedures.
Examiner Responsibility
The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for determining
that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of knowledge and skill
of each TASK within the appropriate practical test standard. Since there
is no formal division between the "oral" and "skill"
portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process throughout
the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant's knowledge of
TASKs and related safety factors, should be used judiciously at all times,
especially during the flight portion of the
practical test. Examiner's shall test to the greatest extent practicable
the applicant's correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration
of
facts throughout the practical test.
If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome
uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK,
or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest
of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the
repeating of an unsatisfactory task is permitted during the certification
process. When practical, the remaining TASKs of the practical test phase
should be completed before repeating the questionable TASK.
On multiengine practical tests where the failure of the most critical
engine after lift off is required, the examiner must give consideration to
local atmospheric conditions, terrain, and type of aircraft used. However
the failure of an engine shall not be simulated until attaining at least
VSSE/VYSE and at an altitude not lower than 400 feet AGL.
During simulated engine failures on multiengine practical tests the
examiner shall set zero thrust after the applicant has simulated feathering
the propeller. The examiner shall require the applicant to demonstrate
at least one landing with a simulated-feathered propeller
with the engine set to zero thrust. Throughout the flight portion of the
practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant's use of visual
scanning and collision avoidance
procedures.
Satisfactory Performance
Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification
is
based on the applicant's ability to safely:
1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for
the certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;
2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome
of each TASK performed never seriously in doubt;
3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the
approved standards;
4. demonstrate sound judgment; and
5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type
certificated for single-pilot operations.
Unsatisfactory Performance
The tolerances represent the performance expected in good flying conditions.
If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the standards
of performance of any TASK performed, the associated AREA OF OPERATION
is failed and therefore, the practical
test is failed.
The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when
the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible for
the certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY
with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued,
the applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and
their associated TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest,
and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated, including
those previously passed.
Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification
are:
1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires
corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.
2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to
clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.
3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.
4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are
exceeded.
When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner shall record the
applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of the AREA OF OPERATION
and specific TASK( s) not meeting the standard appropriate to the practical
test conducted. The AREA( s) OF OPERATION/ TASK( s) not tested and the
number of practical test failures shall also be recorded. If the applicant
fails the practical test because of a special emphasis area, the Notice
of Disapproval shall
indicate the associated TASK. i. e.: AREA OF OPERATION VIII, Maneuvering
During Slow Flight, failure to use proper collision avoidance procedures.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
CRM refers to the effective use of all available resources: human
resources, hardware, and information. Human resources include all groups
routinely working with the cockpit crew or pilot who are involved with
decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups
include, but are not limited to dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance
personnel, air traffic controllers, and weather services. CRM is not a
single TASK, but a set of competencies that must be evident in all TASKs
in this practical test standard as applied to either single pilot operations
or crew.
Applicant's Use of Checklists
Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use
of an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK
being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the checklist,
while accomplishing elements of an Objective, would be
either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation.
In this case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been accomplished,
would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper visual scanning
should be considered when using a checklist.
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests
Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the
pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate
the applicant's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing
attention both inside and/ or outside the cockpit, the examiner shall
cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical
test to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining
safe flight.
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls
During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding
between students and flight instructors of who has control of the aircraft.
Prior to flight, a briefing should be conducted that includes the procedure
for the exchange of flight controls. A positive three-step process in
the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and
one that is strongly recommended.
When the instructor wishes the student to take control of the aircraft,
he or she will say, "You have the flight controls." The student acknowledges
immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls." The flight instructor
again says, "You have the flight controls." When control
is returned to the instructor, follow the same procedure. A visual check
is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should
never by any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.
Metric Conversion Initiative
To assist pilots in understanding and using the metric measurement
system, the practical test standards refer to the metric equivalent of
various altitudes throughout. The inclusion of meters is intended to
familiarize pilots with its use. The metric altimeter is arranged in 10
meter increments; therefore, when converting from feet to meters, the
exact conversion, being too exact for practical purposes, is rounded to
the nearest 10 meter increment or even altitude as necessary. 17
SECTION 1
PRIVATE PILOT— AIRPLANE
Single-Engine Land and Single-Engine Sea
CONTENTS
Airplane Single-Engine Land and
Airplane Single-Engine Sea
CHECKLISTS:
Applicant's Practical Test Checklist ........................................
1-ix
Examiner's Practical Test Checklist ........................................
1-xi
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION..................................................
1-1
A. Certificates and Documents (ASEL and ASES)............... 1-1
B. Airworthiness Requirements (ASEL and ASES).............. 1-1
C. Weather Information (ASEL and ASES) ..........................
1-2
D. Cross-Country Flight Planning (ASEL and ASES)........... 1-2
E. National Airspace System (ASEL and ASES).................. 1-3
F. Performance and Limitations (ASEL and ASES) ............. 1-3
G. Operation of Systems (ASEL and ASES) ........................
1-4
H. Water and Seaplane Characteristics (ASES)...................
1-4
I. Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine
Navigation (ASES) .........................................................
1-5
J. Aeromedical Factors (ASEL and ASES)..........................
1-5
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................................
1-6
A. Preflight Inspection (ASEL and ASES) ............................
1-6
B. Cockpit Management (ASEL and ASES).........................
1-6
C. Engine Starting (ASEL and ASES) ..................................
1-6
D. Taxiing (ASEL).................................................................
1-7
E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES)..............................................
1-7
F. Before Takeoff Check (ASEL and ASES) ........................
1-8 19
III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS ................ 1-9
A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
(ASEL and ASES) ..........................................................
1-9
B. Traffic Patterns (ASEL and ASES)...................................
1-9
C. Airport/ Seaplane Base, Runway, and Taxiway Signs,
Markings, and Lighting (ASEL and ASES)..................... 1-9
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS.................... 1-10
A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
(ASEL and ASES) ........................................................
1-10
B. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
(ASEL and ASES) ........................................................
1-11
C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL) .............................
1-12
D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL) ......................
1-13
E. Short-Field Takeoff (Confined Area— ASES) and
Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL and ASES)........ 1-14
F. Short-Field Approach (Confined Area— ASES) and
Landing (ASEL and ASES) .......................................... 1-15
G. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES) ......................
1-16
H. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES) ............... 1-17
I. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES).......................
1-18
J. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES)................ 1-19
K. Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL and ASES ................. 1-20
L. Go-Around/ Rejected Landing (ASEL and ASES)........... 1-20
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER..............................................
1-21
Steep Turns (ASEL and ASES)..............................................
1-21
VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS ................................
1-22
A. Rectangular Course (ASEL and ASES) .........................
1-22
B. S-Turns (ASEL and ASES) ............................................
1-22
C. Turns Around a Point (ASEL and ASES) .......................
1-23
VII. NAVIGATION.........................................................................
1-24
A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning (ASEL and ASES) ......... 1-24
B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services
(ASEL and ASES) ........................................................
1-24
C. Diversion (ASEL and ASES) ..........................................
1-24
D. Lost Procedures (ASEL and ASES)...............................
1-25 20
VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS...............................................
1-26
A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight (ASEL and ASES)...... 1-26
B. Power-Off Stalls (ASEL and ASES)...............................
1-27
C. Power-On Stalls (ASEL and ASES)...............................
1-28
D. Spin Awareness (ASEL and ASES)...............................
1-28
IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS....................................
1-29
A. Straight-and-Level Flight (ASEL and ASES)..................
1-29
B. Constant Airspeed Climbs (ASEL and ASES) ............... 1-29
C. Constant Airspeed Descents (ASEL and ASES) ........... 1-30
D. Turns to Headings (ASEL and ASES)............................
1-30
E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
(ASEL and ASES)........................................................
1-30
F. Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/ Facilities,
and Radar Services (ASEL and ASES) ....................... 1-31
X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS................................................
1-32
A. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)
(ASEL and ASES)........................................................
1-32
B. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions
(ASEL and ASES)........................................................
1-33
C. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
(ASEL and ASES)........................................................
1-33
XI. NIGHT OPERATION..............................................................
1-34
Night Preparation (ASEL and ASES) .....................................
1-34
XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ..............................................
1-35
A. After Landing, Parking and Securing
(ASEL and ASES)........................................................
1-35
B. Anchoring (ASES)..........................................................
1-35
C. Docking and Mooring (ASES) ........................................
1-35
D. Ramping/ Beaching (ASES)............................................
1-36 21
APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:
EXAMINER'S NAME_____________________________
LOCATION ____________________________________
DATE/ TIME ____________________________________
ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT
! Aircraft Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
! Aircraft Maintenance Records:
Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections
and AD Compliance
! Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved
Airplane Flight Manual
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
! View-Limiting Device
Current Aeronautical Charts
! Computer and Plotter
! Flight Plan Form
! Flight Logs
! Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate
Publications
PERSONAL RECORDS
! Identification— Photo/ Signature ID
! Pilot Certificate
! Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
! Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/ or
Rating Application with Instructor's Signature (If
applicable)
! Computer Test Report
! Pilot Logbook with appropriate Instructor Endorsements
! FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
! Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
! Examiner's Fee (if applicable) 24
EXAMINER'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
Airplane Single-Engine Land And
Airplane Single-Engine Sea
APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________
LOCATION_______________________________________
DATE/ TIME______________________________________
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
! A. Certificates and Documents (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Airworthiness Requirements (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Weather Information (ASEL and ASES)
! D. Cross-Country Flight Planning (ASEL and ASES)
! E. National Airspace System (ASEL and ASES)
! F. Performance and Limitations (ASEL and ASES)
! G. Operation of Systems (ASEL and ASES)
! J. Aeromedical Factors (ASEL and ASES)
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
! A. Preflight Inspection (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Cockpit Management (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Engine Starting (ASEL and ASES)
! D. Taxiing (ASEL)
! F. Before Takeoff Check (ASEL and ASES)
III. AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS
! A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals
(ASEL and ASES)
! B. Traffic Patterns (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Airport/ Seaplane Base, Runway, and Taxiway Signs,
Markings, and Lighting (ASEL and ASES)
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
! A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Normal and Crosswind Approach and Landing
(ASEL and ASES)
! C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)
! D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)
! E. Short-Field (Confined Area— ASES) Takeoff and
Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL and ASES)
! F. Short-Field Approach (Confined Area— ASES) and Landing
(ASEL and ASES)
! K. Forward Slip to a Landing (ASEL and ASES)
! L. Go-Around/ Rejected Landing (ASEL and ASES)
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER
! Steep Turns (ASEL and ASES)
VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
! A. Rectangular Course (ASEL and ASES)
! B. S-Turns (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Turns Around a Point (ASEL and ASES)
VII. NAVIGATION
! A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Diversion (ASEL and ASES)
! D. Lost Procedures (ASEL and ASES)
VIII. SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS
! A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Power-Off Stalls (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Power-On Stalls (ASEL and ASES)
! D. Spin Awareness (ASEL and ASES) 26
IX. BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
! A. Straight-and-Level Flight (ASEL and ASES)
! B. Constant Airspeed Climbs (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Constant Airspeed Descents (ASEL and ASES)
! D. Turns to Headings (ASEL and ASES)
! E. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes (ASEL and ASES)
! F. Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/ Facilities, and
Radar Services (ASEL and ASES)
X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
! A. Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)
(ASEL and ASES)
! B. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions (ASEL and ASES)
! C. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear (ASEL and ASES)
XI. NIGHT OPERATION
! Night Preparation (ASEL and ASES)
XII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
! A. After Landing, Parking, and Securing (ASEL and ASES)
I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
NOTE: The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real time weather
to evaluate TASKs C and D.
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-
8083-25; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge
of the
elements related to certificates and documents by:
1. Explaining—
a. private pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and
recent flight experience requirements.
b. medical certificate class and duration.
c. pilot logbook or flight records.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness and registration certificates.
b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and
POH/ AFM.
c. weight and balance data and equipment list.
B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of
the
elements related to airworthiness requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for day/ night VFR.
b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the
airplane with inoperative instruments and equipment with and
without an MEL.
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight
permit.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness directives.
b. compliance records.
c. maintenance/ inspection requirements.
d. appropriate record keeping. 28
C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-
25, AC 61-84; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by
analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various
sources with emphasis on—
a. METAR, TAF, and FA.
b. surface analysis chart.
c. radar summary chart.
d. winds and temperature aloft chart.
e. significant weather prognostic charts.
f. convective outlook chart.
g. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports.
2. Makes a competent "go/ no-go" decision based on available weather
information.
D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25, AC 61-84;
Navigation Charts; A/ FD; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight
planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR cross-country
flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day of
the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop,
based on maximum allowable passengers, baggage, and/ or cargo
loads using real-time weather.
2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.
3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.
4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.
5. Selects most favorable altitudes considering weather conditions and
equipment capabilities.
6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
7. Selects appropriate navigation system/ facilities and communication
frequencies.
8. Applies pertinent information from NOTAMs, AF/ D, and other flight
publications.
9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.
29
E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of
the
elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:
1. Basic VFR weather minimums— for all classes of airspace.
2. Airspace classes— their operating rules, pilot certification, and
airplane equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A.
b. Class B.
c. Class C.
d. Class D.
e. Class E.
f. Class G.
3. Special use and other airspace areas.
F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-1, AC 61-84,
POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and
limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to
determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding
limitations.
2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight
and center of gravity is within the airplane's operating limitations
and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during
all phases of flight.
3. Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance charts, tables,
and data.
4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the airplane's
performance. 30
G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of
the
elements related to the operation of systems on the airplane provided
for
the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems.
1. Primary flight controls and trim.
2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.
3. Water rudders (ASES).
4. Powerplant and propeller.
5. Landing gear.
6. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.
7. Electrical.
8. Avionics
9. Pitot-static vacuum/ pressure and associated flight instruments.
10. Environmental.
11. Deicing and anti-icing.
J. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of
the
elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:
1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least
three (3) of the following—
a. hypoxia.
b. hyperventilation.
c. middle ear and sinus problems.
d. spatial disorientation.
e. motion sickness.
f. carbon monoxide poisoning.
g. stress and fatigue.
h. dehydration.
2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
3. The effects of excesses nitrogen during scuba dives upon a pilot or
passenger in flight.
II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection.
This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for
checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.
2. Inspects the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
3. Verifies the airplane is in condition for safe flight.
B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management
procedures.
2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured.
3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so they
are readily available.
4. Briefs occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses,
doors, and emergency procedures.
C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25, AC 91-13,
AC 91-55; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended engine
starting procedures. This shall include the use of an external power
source, hand propping safety, and starting under various
atmospheric conditions.
2. Positions the airplane properly considering structures, surface
conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby persons and
property.
3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.
D. TASK: TAXIING (ASEL)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures.
2. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins
moving.
3. Positions the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions.
4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
5. Complies with airport/ taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances,
and instructions.
6. Taxies so as to avoid other aircraft and hazards.
F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff
check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and
how to detect malfunctions.
2. Positions the airplane properly considering other aircraft/ vessels,
wind and surface conditions.
3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.
4. Ensures that engine temperature and pressure are suitable for run-up
and takeoff.
5. Accomplishes the before takeoff checklist and ensures the airplane
is in safe operating condition.
6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances,
departure, and emergency procedures.
7. Avoids runway incursions and/ or ensures no conflict with traffic prior
to taxiing into takeoff position. 35
III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND SEAPLANE BASE OPERATIONS
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications
and ATC light signals.
2. Selects appropriate frequencies.
3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.
4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25, AC 90-66; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This
shall include procedures at airports with and without operating
control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance,
wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.
2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures.
3. Maintains proper spacing from other aircraft.
4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
5. Maintains orientation with the runway/ landing area in use.
6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), and the
appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
C. TASK: AIRPORT/ SEAPLANE BASE, RUNWAY, AND TAXIWAY
SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport/ seaplane
base, runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway
incursion avoidance.
2. Properly identifies and interprets airport/ seaplane base, runway,
and taxiway signs, markings, and lighting. 36
IV. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO
AROUNDS
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
(ASEL and ASES)
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's
knowledge of
crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and
crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff
procedures.
2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions.
3. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the
airplane on the runway center/ takeoff path.
4. Retracts the water rudders, as appropriate, (ASES) and advances
the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
5. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/ lift-off attitude
and corrects for porpoising and skipping (ASES).
6. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to V Y .
7. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain V Y +10/-5 knots.
8. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after a positive
rate of climb is established.
9. Maintains takeoff power and V Y +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering
altitude.
10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and climb.
11. Complies with noise abatement procedures.
12. Completes the appropriate checklist. 37
B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND
LANDING (ASEL and ASES)
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's
knowledge of
crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and
crosswind approach and landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area (ASES).
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and
selects a suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration
and airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in
its absence, not more than 1.3 V SO , +10/-5 knots, with wind gust
factor applied.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
roundout and touchdown.
7. Contacts the water at the proper pitch attitude (ASES).
8. Touches down smoothly at approximate stalling speed (ASEL).
9. Touches down at or within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified
point, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned
with and over the runway center/ landing path.
10. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout
the approach and landing sequence.
11. Completes the appropriate checklist. 38
C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB (ASEL)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field takeoff
and
climb.
2. Positions the flight controls for existing wind conditions and to
maximize lift as quickly as possible.
3. Clears the area; taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed consistent
with safety without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to
takeoff power.
4. Establishes and maintains a pitch attitude that will transfer the weight
of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
5. Lifts off at the lowest possible airspeed and remains in ground effect
while accelerating to V X or V Y , as appropriate.
6. Establishes a pitch attitude for V X or V Y , as appropriate, and
maintains selected airspeed +10/-5 knots, during the climb.
7. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after clear of
any
obstacles or as recommended by the manufacturer.
8. Maintains takeoff power and V X or V Y +10/-5 knots to a safe
maneuvering altitude.
9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and climb.
10. Completes the appropriate checklist. 39
D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field approach
and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and
selects the most suitable touchdown area.
3. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration,
and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.
4. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its
absence not more than 1.3 V SO , +10/-5 knots, with wind gust factor
applied.
5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
roundout and touchdown.
6. Touches down softly with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal
axis aligned with the runway/ landing path.
7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the
approach and landing sequence.
8. Maintains proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed
to
taxi on the soft surface.
9. Completes the appropriate checklist. 40
E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF (CONFINED AREA—
ASES) AND
MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE CLIMB (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field (confined
area ASES) takeoff and maximum performance climb.
2. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions; sets
the
flaps as recommended.
3. Clears the area; taxies into takeoff position utilizing maximum
available takeoff area and aligns the airplane on the runway
center/ takeoff path.
4. Selects an appropriate take off path for the existing conditions
(ASES).
5. Applies brakes (if appropriate), while advancing the throttle
smoothly to takeoff power.
6. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planing/ lift-off attitude
and corrects for porpoising and skipping (ASES).
7. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerates to the
recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or V X.
8. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain the recommended
obstacle clearance airspeed, or V X, +10/-5 knots, until the obstacle
is
cleared, or until the airplane is 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.
9. After clearing the obstacle, establishes the pitch attitude for V Y
,
accelerates to V Y , and maintains V Y , +10/-5 knots, during the
climb.
10. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after clear of
any
obstacles or as recommended by manufacturer.
11. Maintains takeoff power and V Y +10/-5 to a safe maneuvering
altitude.
12. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and climb.
13. Completes the appropriate checklist. 41
F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH (CONFINED AREA—
ASES) AND
LANDING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field (confined
area ASES) approach and landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area (ASES).
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and
selects the most suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration
and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude and power as required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended approach
airspeed, or in its absence not more than 1.3 V SO , +10/-5 knots,
with wind gust factor applied.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
roundout and touchdown.
7. Selects the proper landing path, contacts the water at the minimum
safe airspeed with the proper pitch attitude for the surface
conditions (ASES).
8. Touches down smoothly at minimum control airspeed (ASEL).
9. Touches down at or within 200 feet (60 meters) beyond a specified
point, with no side drift, minimum float and with the airplane's
longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/ landing
path.
10. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout
the approach and landing sequence.
11. Applies brakes, (ASEL) or elevator control (ASEs), as necessary, to
stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.
12. Completes the appropriate checklist. 42
K. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to forward slip to a
landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface and obstructions, and
selects the most suitable touchdown point.
3. Establishes the slipping attitude at the point from which a landing
can be made using the recommended approach and landing
configuration and airspeed; adjusts pitch attitude and power as
required.
4. Maintains a ground track aligned with the runway center/ landing path
and an airspeed, which results in minimum float during the roundout.
5. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
recovery from the slip, the roundout, and the touchdown.
6. Touches down smoothly at the approximate stalling speed, at or
within 400 feet (120 meters) beyond a specified point, with no side
drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over
the runway center/ landing path.
7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the
approach and landing sequence.
8. Completes the appropriate checklist.
L. TASK: GO-AROUND/ REJECTED LANDING (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around/ rejected
landing.
2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
3. Applies takeoff power immediately and transitions to climb pitch
attitude for V Y , and maintains V Y +10/-5 knots.
4. Retracts the flaps as appropriate.
5. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, after a positive rate of
climb is established.
6. Maneuvers to the side of the runway/ landing area to clear and avoid
conflicting traffic.
7. Maintains takeoff power V Y +10/-5 to a safe maneuvering altitude.
8. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the climb.
9. Completes the appropriate checklist. 47
V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER
TASK: STEEP TURNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.
2. Establishes the manufacturer's recommended airspeed or if one is
not stated, a safe airspeed not to exceed V A .
3. Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a 45° bank.
4. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the
examiner.
5. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.
6. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters), airspeed, ±10
knots, bank, ±5°; and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°. 48
VI. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
NOTE: The examiner shall select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (ASEL and
ASES)
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-3.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.
2. Selects a suitable reference area.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter a left or right pattern, 600 to
1,000 feet AGL (180 to 300 meters) at an appropriate distance from
the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-and-turning
flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular
reference area.
5. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10
knots.
B. TASK: S-TURNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-3.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.
2. Selects a suitable ground reference line.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300
meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius turn
on each side of the selected reference line.
5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over the selected reference
line.
6. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
7. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10
knots. 49
C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (ASEL and
ASES)
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-3.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.
2. Selects a suitable ground reference point.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter left or right at 600 to 1,000 feet
(180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an appropriate distance from the
reference point.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius turn
around the selected reference point.
5. Divides attention between airplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); maintains airspeed, ±10
knots. 50
VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION
A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead
reckoning.
2. Follows the preplanned course by reference to landmarks.
3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.
4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and
elapsed time.
5. Corrects for and records the differences between preflight
groundspeed and heading calculations and those determined en
route.
6. Verifies the airplane's position within three (3) nautical miles of
the
flight-planned route.
7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints within five (5) minutes of the
initial or revised ETA and provides a destination estimate.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and
headings, ±15°.
B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation
Equipment Operation Manuals, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems
and radar services.
2. Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic navigation
system.
3. Locates the airplane's position using the navigation system.
4. Intercepts and tracks a given course, radial or bearing, as
appropriate.
5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if
appropriate.
6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing radar
services.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and
headings ±15°. 51
C. TASK: DIVERSION (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.
2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.
3. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time,
and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.
4. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and
heading, ±15°.
D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.
2. Selects an appropriate course of action.
3. Maintains an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.
4. Identifies prominent landmarks.
5. Uses navigation systems/ facilities and/ or contacts an ATC facility
for
assistance, as appropriate. 52
VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS
A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during
slow flight.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed
no
lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.
3. Establishes and maintains an airspeed at which any further increase
in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power,
would result in an immediate stall.
4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs,
and
descents with landing gear and flap configurations specified by the
examiner.
5. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.
6. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); specified
heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/ 0 knots; and specified angle of bank,
±10°.
B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no
lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.
3. Establishes a stabilized descent in the approach or landing
configuration, as specified by the examiner.
4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch
attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in straight flight; maintains
a
specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°; in turning flight,
while inducing the stall.
6. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the stall occurs by
simultaneously reducing the angle of attack, increasing power to
maximum allowable, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-
level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate
for the airplane.
7. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing
gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established.
8. Accelerates to V X or V Y speed before the final flap retraction; returns
to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner. 54
C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (ASEL and ASES)
NOTE: In some high performance airplanes, the power setting may
have to
be reduced below the practical test standards guideline power setting
to
prevent excessively high pitch attitudes (greater than 30° nose up).
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on stalls.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no
lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.
3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration. Sets power to no
less than 65 percent available power.
4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the
pitch attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in straight flight; maintains
a
specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°, in turning flight,
while inducing the stall.
6. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the stall occurs by
simultaneously reducing the angle of attack, increasing power as
appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level
flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the
airplane.
7. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing
gear if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established.
8. Accelerates to V X or V Y speed before the final flap retraction; returns
to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-67; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of
the
elements related to spin awareness by explaining:
1. Aerodynamic factors related to spins.
2. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.
3. Procedures for recovery from unintentional spins. 55
IX. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
NOTE: The examiner shall select task E and at least two other TASKs.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument
flying during straight-and-level flight.
2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments
using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and
coordinated control application.
3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and
airspeed, ±10 knots.
B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument
flying during constant airspeed climbs.
2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.
3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an
assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and
interpretation, and coordinated control application.
4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a
constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200
feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10
knots.
C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument
flying during constant airspeed descents.
2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.
3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an
assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and
interpretation, and coordinated control application.
4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a
constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200
feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10
knots.
D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (ASEL
and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument
flying during turns to headings.
2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check
and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments;
maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains a standard rate
turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ± 10°; maintains
airspeed, ±10 knots.
E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT
ATTITUDES
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument
flying during unusual attitudes.
2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to
instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude
using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth,
coordinated control application in the correct sequence. 57
F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS/ FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications,
navigation systems/ facilities, and radar services available for use
during flight solely by reference to instruments.
2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.
3. Follows verbal instructions and/ or navigation systems/ facilities
for
guidance.
4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.
5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°;
maintains airspeed, ±10 knots. 58
X. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED)
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency
approach and landing procedures.
2. Analyzes the situation and selects an appropriate course of
action.
3. Establishes and maintains the recommended best-glide
airspeed, ±10 knots.
4. Selects a suitable landing area.
5. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing area
considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
6. Prepares for landing, or go-around, as specified by the
examiner.
7. Follows the appropriate checklist. 59
B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment
malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical
test.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for simulated
emergencies appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical
test for at least three (3) of the following—
a. partial or complete power loss.
b. engine roughness or overheat.
c. carburetor or induction icing.
d. loss of oil pressure.
e. fuel starvation.
f. electrical malfunction.
g. vacuum/ pressure, and associated flight instruments malfunction.
h. pitot/ static.
i. landing gear or flap malfunction.
j. inoperative trim.
k. inadvertent door or window opening.
l. structural icing.
m. smoke/ fire/ engine compartment fire.
n. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane.
3. Follows the appropriate checklist or procedure.
C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment
and survival gear appropriate to the airplane and environment
encountered during flight. Identifies appropriate equipment that
should be aboard the airplane. 60
XI. AREA OF OPERATION:
NIGHT OPERATION
TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3, AC 61-23/ FAA-H-8083-25, AC 67-2; AIM,
POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge
of the
elements related to night operations by explaining:
1. Physiological aspects of night flying as it relates to vision.
2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and
obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.
3. Airplane lighting systems.
4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.
5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.
6. Safety precautions and emergencies unique to night flying. 61
XII. AREA OF OPERATION: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES
NOTE: The examiner shall select TASK A and for ASES applicants at
least
one other TASK.
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING
(ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/ AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after landing, parking
and securing procedures.
2. Maintains directional control after touchdown while decelerating to
an appropriate speed.
3. Observes runway hold lines and other surface control markings and
lighting.
4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby
persons and property.
5. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown.
6. Completes the appropriate checklist.
7. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and secures the
aircraft.
|
